Lección 17: Modal verbs (I).

Estos verbos son verbos diferentes a los demás y tienen características especiales. Algunos de ellos son: Can, could, must, need, may, might, should, ought to, will y shall.

Veamos las características:

• No tienen -s en la 3a persona del singular. She can sing.
• Les sigue un infinitivo sin el to. You must do that. (En el caso de ought to el 'to' ya va incluido)
• No exigen el auxiliar do.  I couldn't see anything (not: I didn't could see anything.) Can you swim? (not: Do you can swim?)
• No tienen forma de infinitivo, -ing, ni past participle. Cuando los verbos must y can necesiten una de estas formas deberán usar have to y be able to.      I'll be able to swim someday. I haven't been able to sing in all these years. Being able to cook is very difficult.     I'll have to wash it by hand.; After having to work late, I was happy to go home.; I have had to wait so long for you!

Dividimos estos verbos segun su significado en 3 grupos:

1. VERBOS MODALES DE OBLIGACIÓN, CONSEJO Y PROHIBICIÓN. 

• Must/have to: para expresar obligación. You must/have to decide now. (Tienes que decidir ahora.) 
• Don't have to/needn't: para expresar no obligación. You don't have to come. (No hace falta que vengas) You needn't meet me at the airport, I'll get a taxi. (No hace falta que vayas a por mi al aeropuerto, cogeré un taxi)
• Ought to/should/shouldn't/must: para expresar consejo y recomendación. They ought to thank her.(Deberían darle las gracias.) You shouldn't be so rude to her. (No deberías ser tan maleducado con ella.) You must try this recipe! (Tienes que probar esta receta!)
• Mustn't/can't: para expresar prohibición. You mustn't park here. (No debes aparcar aquí). You can't smoke inside the bar. (No puedes fumar dentro del bar.)
• Have to se utiliza a menudo en el lugar de must.
• Must no tiene forma en pasado, utilizamos had to.
• En el lenguaje oral y informal usamos don't need to en vez de needn't.

2. VERBOS MODALES DE CAPACIDAD Y PERMISO.

• Can/could: para expresar habilidad en el presente y en el pasado. I can swim (Puedo nadar). I could swim(Podía nadar).
• Can/could/may: para pedir permiso y peticiones educadas(may y could son mucho más formales). Can I go to Matt's house) (¿Puedo ir a casa de Matt?) Could you lend me some money?(¿Podrías dejarme algo de dinero?) May I ask you a question? (¿Me permites hacerte una pregunta?)
• Can/can't/could/couldn't: para expresar permiso en el  presente y en el pasado. You can borrow my jacket if you want (Puedes cogerme prestada mi chaqueta si quieres) You can't come in. (No puedes entrar) I could arrive late at home when I was 18. (Podía llegar tarde a casa cuando tenía 18 años.) I couldn't go out to the disco when I was 12.(No podía ir a la discoteca cuando tenia 12 años.)
• Will be able to se suele utilizar para capacidades futuras: One day I will be able to live abroad.(Algún dia podré vivir en el extranjero.)
• Was/were able to se utiliza para describir una situación concreta del pasado. After studying really hard, she was able to pass the exam. (Después de estudiar intensamente, ella pudo aprobar.)
• Might también se utiliza para pedir permiso y hacer peticiones educadas. Se utiliza pocas veces, ya que es muy formal. Might I come in? (¿Puedo entrar?)

3. VERBOS MODALES ESPECULATIVOS Y DE DEDUCCIÓN.

• May, might, could, might not: para expresar especulación. He's wearing a ring, he may be married. (Lleva un anillo, puede que esté casado) It could rain today (Puede que llueva hoy).
• Can't : para expresar deducción negativa. She can't have passed the FCE exam, she doesn't even know English!.(No puede haber aprobado el FCE, ni si quiera sabe inglés!)
• Must: para expresar deducción afirmativa: She must be a worker, she's wearing the uniform of the company. (Ella debe ser una trabajadora, ya que lleva el uniforme de la empresa.

Próxima lección: Modal verbs (II)

Lección 16: Relative clauses.

Conocidas en castellano como oraciones subordinadas o de relativo, en inglés distinguimos dos grandes grupos:
- Defining relative clauses (oraciones especificativas).
-Non-defining relative clauses (oraciones explicativas).

Veamos las primeras:

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES.
Las usamos para identificar la persona, lugar o cosa de la que se habla y de la cual se da una información esencial.

Who/that--> para personas--> She hates the man who/that lives next door. Ella odia al hombre que vive en la puerta de al lado.
Which/that--> para cosas o ideas--> She loves the table which/that is in the dinning room. A ella le encanta la mesa que esta en el comedor.
Whose--> para posesión (sólo para personas)--> This is the man whose son is a doctor. Este es el hombre cuyo hijo es doctor.
When/that--> para tiempo-->1995 is the year when/that I was born. 1995 es el año en que nací.
Where-->para lugar--> London is the place where we met. Londres es el lugar donde nos conocimos.

Reglas generales:

• When se puede sustituir por that o se puede omitir: 1995 is the year (when/that) I was born.
• Whose no se puede omitir.
• Who es mas formal que that cuando nos referimos a personas y that es mas formal que who cuando nos referimos a cosas o ideas.
• Cuando al pronombre relativo le sigue un verbo, es el sujeto de la oración relativa y no se puede omitir. En cambio, cuando el pronombre va seguido de otro pronombre o un nombre, es el objeto directo de la oración relativa y se suele omitir.                                                                                 Ej: Angeline Jolie is the actress who plays Lara Croft. Angeline Jolie es la actriz que hace de Lara Croft.                                                                                                                                            Ej: The film(that/which) we saw last we saw last night was terrible. La película que vimos anoche era terrible.
• What no sigue a ningún nombre ni se refiere. Funciona como nombre y pronombre relativo combinado.  Ej: Tell me what you said. (No: Tell me what things you said) Cuéntame lo que dijiste.
• De manera formal, las preposiciones pueden ir delante del pronombre relativo para evitar acabar una rase o pregunta con una preposición. Usamos whom para personas y which para cosas. Ej: This is the man to whom I spoke. Éste es el hombre con el que hablé. /This is the film about which you told me. Ésta es la pelicula sobre la que me hablaste.                                                                                     En el lenguaje oral y informal, el pronombre relativo se suele omitir y i la preposición va al final de la oración relativa, después del verbo. EJ: This is the man (who) I spoke to. Éste es el hombre con el que hablé./ This is the film (that/which) you told me about. Ésta es la película de la que me hablaste.

Ahora veamos las segundas:

NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES.

Las usamos para dar información que no es necesaria para entender la frase. Se usan principalmente en el lenguaje escrito. Siempre llevan comas. No usamos that en este tipo de oraciones.

Who--> para personas--> Tom, who plays footbal, is very good at sports. Tom, que/el cúal juega a futbol, es muy bueno en los deportes.

Which--> para cosas o ideas--> The blue chair, which is in my bedroom, is very comfortable. La silla azul, la cúal/que está en mi habitación, es muy cómoda.

Whose-->para posesión--> David, whose father is a doctor, is studying medicine. David, cuyo padre es doctor, está estudiando medicina.

When--> tiempo-->Next year, when I finish school, we'll go to London. El año que viene, cuando acabe el colegio, iremos a Londres.

Where-->lugar--> Barcelona, where I was born, is a beatiful city. Barcelona, donde yo nací, es una bonita ciudad.

Próxima lección: Modal verbs (I)

Lección 15: Future perfect.

ESTRUCTURA:

WILL + present perfect (HAVE + participio)       EJ: I will have gone to England.


AFFIRMATIVE                                      NEGATIVE                               QUESTIONS

I will have gone                         I will not / won't have gone                    Will I have gone?
You will have gone                  You will not / won't have gone                Will you have gone?
He/She/It will have gone          He/She/It will not / won't have gone       Will he/she/it have gone?

We will have gone                     We will not / won't have gone                Will we have gone?
You will have gone                    You will not / won't have gone               Will you have gone?
They will have gone                  They will not / won't have gone              Will they have gone?



USOS:

• Hablar de cosas que habrán finalizado en el futuro. EJ: At half past seven, she will have finished her homework.--> A las siete y media, ella habrá acabado sus deberes.
• Demostrar que algo seguirá hasta otra acción en el futuro. EJ: Next Saturday we will have been together for 3 years.--> El Sábado que viene habremos estado juntos durante 3 años.

PRÓXIMA LECCIÓN: Relative clauses.

Lección 14: The future continuous.

ESTRUCTURA:

Wil + be + ing     EJ: I will be watching a film.


AFFIRMATIVE                                      NEGATIVE                               QUESTIONS

I will be watching                          I will not / won't be watching                   Will I be watching?
You will be watching                    You will not / won't be watching               Will you be watching?
He/She/It will be watching            He/She/It will not / won't be watching      Will he/she/it be watching?

We will be watching                     We will not / won't be watching                Will we be watching?
You will be watching                    You will not / won't be watching               Will you be watching?
They will be watching                   They will not / won't be watching              Will they be watching?



USOS

• Hablar de acciones que estarán en progreso en un momento determinado en el futuro. Ej: I will be watching a film this time tomorrow.  Mañana a esta hora estaré viendo una película.
• Preguntas para planes en el futuro. Ej: Will you be swimming tomorrow morning? Estarás nadando mañana por la mañana?

Next lesson: The future perfect.

Lección 13: Going to

 ESTRUCTURA:

is/ are + going to+ infinitivo sin to

Ej: It is going to rain.


AFFIRMATIVE                      NEGATIVE                           QUESTIONS

I am going to play                    I am not going to play                       Am I going to play?
You are going to play              You are not/aren't going to play         Are you going to play?
He/she/it is going to play          He/she/ it is not/ isn't going to play     Is he/she/It going to play?

We are going to play              We are not/aren't going to play          Are we going to play?
You are going to play             You are not/ aren't going to play        Are you going to play?
They are going to play            They are not/aren't going to play        A re they going to play?



USOS

• Predicciones basadas en pruebas o evidencias del presente. It's very cloudy. It's going to rain.--> Está muy nublado. Va a llover.
• Planes o intenciones de futuro que estan planeadas ya y por lo tanto es seguro que ocurriran. I'm going to London next year.--> Voy a ir a Londres el año que viene (es seguro porque  ya he comprado los billetes, por ejemplo).

PRÓXIMA LECCIÓN: Future continuous.

Lección 12: The future simple

ESTRUCTURA
Will + infinitivo sin to

AFFIRMATIVE.                NEGATIVE                     QUESTION
I will play.                   I will not/won't play                  Will I play?
You will play.             You will not/won't play              Will you play?
He/she/it will play       He/she/it will not/won't play        Will he/she/it play?

We will play               We will not/won't play               Will we play?  
You will play              You will not/won't play              Will you play?
They will play.            They will not/won't play             Will they play?




USOS
*Para expresar decisiones hechas en el momento en que se habla. Yo cogeré el telefono. I will pick up the phone.
*Para hacer predicciones, promesas y ofertas. It will rain. Lloverá.
* Hablar de acontecimientos programados para el futuro.  I will go to the gym tomorrow. Iré al gym mañana.


PRÓXIMA LECCIÓN: Going to.

Lección 11: The past perfect continuous.

Usamos el past perfect continuous para describir una acción que tuvo lugar durante un periodo de tiempo que acabó antes del momento en que se habla.
Ej: I had been swimming in the sea.--> Estuve nadando en el mar. The children had been playing with matches.--> Los niños habían estado jugando con cerillas.


ESTRUCTURA:

had been + -ing


AFFIRMATIVE                                     NEGATIVE                                     QUESTIONS

I had been swimming                       I had not/hadn't been swimming                Had I been swimming?
You had been swimming                 You had not/hadn't been swimming            Had you been swimming?
He/she/It had been swimming         He/she/It had not/hadn't been swimming    Had he/she/it been swimming?

We had been swimming                  We had not/hadn't been swimming         Had we been swimming?
You had been swimming                 You had not/hadn't been swimming        Had you been swimming?
They had been swimming                They had not/hadn't been swimming       Had they been swimming?



PRÓXIMA LECCIÓN: The future simple.

Lección 10: The present perfect continuous

Usamos el present perfect continuous para hablar de una acción que ocurre durante un período de tiempo. Por ejemple, ese período puede durar hasta el presente.
I 've been waiting for you all morning.--> He estado esperándote toda la mañana. (Empezó en el pasado y se trata de un período de tiempo que dura hasta el presente.)

ESTRUCTURA

have+been+ ing form

AFFIRMATIVE                              NEGATIVE                               QUESTION

I have been waiting                    I have not/ haven't been waiting            Have I been waiting?
You have been waiting              You have not/ haven't been waiting       Have you been waiting?
He/she/it has been waiting         He/she/It has not/ hasn't been waiting    Has he/she/It been waiting?

We have been waiting              We have not/ haven't been waiting         Have we been waiting?
You have been waiting             You have not/ haven't been waiting        Have you been waiting?
They have been waiting            They have not/ haven't been waiting       Have they been waiting?


USOS

• Acciones durante un período de tiempo que nos lleva hasta el presente. I 've been waiting for you all morning.--> He estado esperándote toda la mañana.
• Acciones repetidas que duran hasta ahora. She's been playing the guitar since she was 4. -->Ella ha estado tocando la guitarra desde que tenia 4 años.
• Acciones que acaba justo antes del presente. I've been swimming. -->He estado nadando.

PRÓXIMA LECCIÓN: The past perfect continuous.

Lección 9: The past perfect.

ESTRUCTURA

had + participle

AFFIRMATIVE         NEGATIVE                                   QUESTION

I had finished                 I had not/hadn't finished                  Had I finished?
You had finished           You had not/hadn't finished             Had you finished?
He/she/it had finished     He/she/It had not/hadn't finished     Had he/she/It finished?

We had finished            We had not/hadn't finished              Had we finished?
You had finished           You had not/hadn't finished             Had you finished?
They had finished          They had not/hadn't finished            Had they finished?


USOS

• Describir una acción que se completó antes de un momento concreto del pasado.
• Expresar una acción completada que pasó antes de otra acción del pasado.

PRÓXIMA LECCIÓN: The past perfect continuous.

Lección 8: The present perfect simple

Este tiempo verbal nos habla sobre el pasado y el presente. 

She has washed the dishes.--> Ella ha lavado los platos.

ESTRUCTURA

have + past participle

AFFIRMATIVE                           NEGATIVE                 QUESTIONS

I have finished                    I have not/ haven't finished            Have I finished?

You have finished              You have not/ haven't finished       Have you finished?

He/she/it has finished          He/she/it has not/ hasn't finished    Has he/she/it finished?

We have finished               We have not/ haven't finished       Have we finished?

You have finished              You have not/ haven't finished      Have you finished?

They have finished             They have not/ haven't finished     Have they finished?

USOS

• Describir una acción que comenzó en el pasado y continua en el presente.
• Describir una acción del pasado que influye en el presente.
• Describir experiencias pasadas.

EXPRESIONES TEMPORALES QUE SUELEN APARECER CON ESTE TIEMPO.

For and since.

• For: se usa para expresar duración, seria equivalente a ''durante''. She's been in England for 2 years.--> Ella ha estado en Inglaterra durante 2 años.
• Since: se usa para expresar el momento concreto en que empezó una acción. She's been in England since she was 20 years old.--> Ella ha estado en Inglaterra desde que tenia 20 años.

Yet, already and just.

• Yet: se utiliza al final de frases negativas, se describe algo que aun no ha pasado pero que se espera que pase. She hasn't arrived yet.--> Ella no ha llegado aun. (pero se espera que llegue)
• Already: se usa en frases afirmativas para expresar una acción que ha pasado antes de lo previsto. Se suele colocar entre el verbo auxiliar y el principal. The film has already started.--> La película ya ha empezado. En preguntas, el already indica sorpresa por la misma razon que en afirmativo: algo se ha completado antes de lo esperado. Have you already seen that film? --> Has visto ya esa película?
• Just: indica que algo se acaba de hacer, recientemente. He's just arrived.--> Él acaba de llegar.

Ever and never.

• Ever: se usa en frases interrogativas para preguntar sobre experiencias pasadas. Have you ever been to London?--> Has estado alguna vez en Londres?
• Never: se utiliza para describir acciones que no han pasado nunca. Se coloca entre el verbo auxiliar y el principal. I've never visited the Prado.--> Yo nunca he visitado el Prado.

BEEN AND GONE.

• Been: significa haber ido y haber vuelto de algún lado. She's been to the USA.--> Ella ha ido a los EEUU. (Ha ido y ha vuelto).
• Gone: significa haber ido y no haber vuelto aun de algún lado. She's gone to the supermarket.--> Ella ha ido al supermercado. (Ha ido pero aún no ha vuelto)

PRÓXIMA LECCIÓN: The past perfect simple.

Lección 7: Used to do and Be used to doing.

Aunque a primera vista estas dos formas puedan parecer muy similares, existe una gran diferencia entre ellas. Used to se utiliza para hablar del pasado, para designar algo que solías hacer. Por su parte, Be used to doing se usa en presenta designa una costumbre. Su traducción pues, sería:

I used to play football.--> Yo solía jugar a fútbol.
I'm used to playing football.--> Estoy acostumbrado a jugar a fútbol.

Estructuras:

USED TO + INFINITIVE

AFFIRMATIVE                       NEGATIVE ( !!!! use, not used!!!)         QUESTION (!!! use, not used!!!)

I used to play                        I did not/ didn't use to play                           Did I use to play?
You used to play                  You did not/ didn't use to play                       Did you use to play?
He/she/It used to play           He/she/It did not/ didn't use to play               Did he/she/it use to play?

We used to play                  We did not/ didn't use to play                        Did we use to play?
You used to play                 You did not/ didn't use to play                       Did you use to play?
They used to play                They did not/ didn't use to play                      Did they use to play?


BE USED TO + ING

AFFIRMATIVE                    NEGATIVE                                         QUESTION

I am used to playing                I am not /'m not used to playing          Am I used to playing?
You are used to playing          You are not/ aren't used to playing     Are you used to playing?
He/she/it used to playing         He/she/it is not/ isn't used to playing    Is he/she/it used to playing?

We are used to playing         We are not/aren't used to playing         Are we used to playing?
You are used to playing        You are not/aren't used to playing        Are you used to playing?
They are used to playing       They are not/aren't used to playing       Are they used to playing?


Podemos usar la estructura GET USED TO para hablar de cosas que cada vez nos son más familiares.
Ej.

I got used to sleeping during the day.--> Me acostumbré a dormir durante el día.
They're getting used to working hard.--> Ellos se están acostumbrando a trabajar duro.




Próxima lección: Verbs: The perfect tenses: the present perfect.

Lección 6: Verbs. The past simple and the past continuous.

The past simple

Regular verbs add -ed and irregular ones present their own forms.

POSITIVE                             NEGATIVE                        QUESTIONS

I   cleaned                           I   did not/didn't clean                    Did I clean?
You   cleaned                     You   did not/didn't clean               Did you clean?
He/She/It   cleaned             He/She/It   did not/didn't clean       Did he/she/it clean?

We   cleaned                     We   did not/didn't clean                 Did we clean?
You   cleaned                    You   did not/didn't clean                Did you clean?
They   cleaned                   They   did not/didn't clean               Did they clean?


USES

• Describing actions completed in the past.
• Describing actions completed that happened in a specific moment in the past.
• Describing the conclusion of actions in the past.
• Describing specific actions that happend while ther was another one happening.

SPELLING RULES TO ADD -ED/D

• Verbs ending in e, add -d : love--> loved
• Verbs ending in y preceded by consonant, change to i and add -ed: carry--> carried
• One-syllable verbs ending in one consonant preceded by one vowel, double the consonant and add -ed: clap--> clapped
• Verbs where the last syllable is stressed, double the final consonant and add -ed: submit--> submitted
• Verbs ending in one vowel and l, double the l and add -ed: travel--> travelled

The past continuous

It is form with the past simple of to be and the -ing form of the main verb.

was/were +-ing

POSTIVE                                     NEGATIVE                                   QUESTIONS

I   was cleaning                       I   was not/ wasn't cleaning                   Was I cleaning?

You   were cleaning                You were not/weren't cleaning              Were you cleaning?

He/she/it   was cleaning           He/she it   was not / wasn't cleaning      Was he/she/it cleaning?

We   were cleaning                We   were not/ weren't cleaning            Were we cleaning?

You   were cleaning               You   were not/ weren't cleaning           Were you cleaning?

They   were cleaning              They   were not/ weren't cleaning          Were they cleaning?

USES:

• Describing an incompleted action happening in a specific time in the past.
• Describing an incompleted action that was happening when another one happened.
• Describing in the past.

Próxima lección: Used to/ Be used to.

Lección 5: State verbs and action verbs.

Lección 5: State verbs and action verbs.

In english we differenciate between states and actions.

•  State: something staying the same. E.g:  She hates you.
• Action: something happening. E.g: I'm eating an apple.

Sometimes there are  verbs that can be used either for a state or for an action.

I think you're wrong. (=believe) STATE      I'm thinking about you. ACTION.

We have three cars. (=own). STATE           We're having dinner.( =eating) ACTION.

I see what you're saying. (=undertand) STATE   She is seeing her boss. (=meeting) ACTION.

You look nice. STATE                                 I'm looking at the picture. ACTION

States are written in SIMPLE TENSES, and Actions can be written in SIMPLE OR CONTINUOUS.

BE: the examples with this verb are about how people behave.

• PERMANENT QUALITY:  You are really nice.

• TEMPORARY BEHAVIOUR:  You're being very friendly today.

We also can use some state verbs in the continuous to talk about a short period of time.

• PERMANENT STATE (simple tenses) I love dancing.
• SHORT PERIOD (continuous) I'm loving this party.

Próxima lección: VERBS: The past simple and the past continuous.

Lección 4: Verbs: The present simple and the present continuous.

The present simple.

FORMS:

POSITIVE                        NEGATIVE                                     QUESTION

I   like                            I  don't like                             Do I like?
You   like                       You  don't like                        Do you like?
He/She/It  likes              He/She/It  doesn't like             Does he/she/it like?

We  like                        We  don't like                          Do we like?
You  like                       You  don't like                         Do you like?
They  like                      They  don't like                        Do they like?


USE:

• Habits and routines.
• Facts and general truths.
• Describing permanent situations.
• Thoughts and feelings.
• Phrases like : I promise, I agree, etc.
• In a negative question with why to make a suggestion: Why don't we go out?

The present continuous.

FORM:

POSITIVE                             NEGATIVE                                   QUESTION

I  am dancing                        I  am not dancing                            Am I dancing?

You  are dancing                  You  are not /aren't dancing             Are you dancing?

He/She/It  is dancing             He/She/It  is not/isn't dancing          Is he/she/it dancing?

We are dancing                    We  are not /aren't dancing              Are we dancing?

You  are dancing                  You  are not /aren't dancing             Are you dancing?

They  are dancing                 They  are not /aren't dancing            Are they dancing?

USE:

• Actions happening now.
• When you are in the middle of something but not actually doing it at the moment of speaking.
• Specific plans in the future.
• Repetitive actions. You're always doing... .
• Temporary situation.

Próxima lección: Verbs: State verbs and action verbs.

Lección 3: Direct and indirect objects.

3. Direct and indirect objects.

''The direct object is the thing and the indirect object is the person.'' This is the easy way to identify the objects. Here you have an example:

Ian gave Claire some chocolates.

Indirect object.
Direct object.


We've got two structures:

Subject + verb + indirect object + direct object

She +  gave + him + a letter.
 We + bought + him + the sweater

Subject + verb + direct object + indirect object

She + gave + a letter + to him.
We + bought + the sweater + for him.


When do we put to? And for?

We give something TO someone, and we buy something FOR someone.

Some verbs with TO:
bring, feed, give, hand, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, post, promise, read, sell, send, show, take, teach, tell, throw, write


Some verbs with FOR:
book, bring, build, buy, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, leave, make, order, pick, reserve, save


As we have seen, sometimes there is a pronoun and a noun after a verb such as give. The pronoun usually comes before the noun.

He gave her some flowers.


Siguiente lección: Verbs: The present simple and the present continuous.

Lección 2: Sentence structure.

2. Sentence structure.

The parts of a sentence are: subject, verb, object, complement and adverbial. There are five main structures which can be used.

1. Subject + verb       Something-  happened.

2. Subject + verb + object.     I - love - you.

3. Subject + verb + complement*   This pizza - is - spicy.

* the complement can be an adjective or a noun phrase.

4.  Subject + verb + adverbial.  It - is- behind you.

5. Subject + verb+ object+ object.    John - gave- her- a present.

ADVERBIALS: We can add adverbials to all the structures. (See the words in blue)



1. Subject + verb       Something-  happened suddenly.

2. Subject + verb + object.     I - love - you- intensively.

3. Subject + verb + complement*   Of course This pizza - is - spicy.

* the complement can be an adjective or a noun phrase.

4.  Subject + verb + adverbial. Unluckyly  It - is- behind you.

5. Subject + verb+ object+ object.    John - gave- her- a present. immediately.





Siguiente lección: Direct and indirect objects.

Lección 1: Tipos de palabras: sustantivos, verbos, adjetivos, etc.

Lección 1: Tipos de palabras: sustantivos, verbos, adjetivos, etc.

¿Que tipo de palabra?/ What kind of word?

En Inglés hay 8 tipos de palabras diferentes, a las cuales llamamos 'word classes' o 'parts of speech'. A continuación tenéis la clasificación y algunos ejemplos.

In English there are 8 different kinds of words, which are known as 'word classes' or 'parts of speech'. Here you have the classification and some examples.

1. Verbs: have, am, is, would, like, are, eat, see, etc.
2. Noun: work, cofee, food, table, chair, cat, dog, etc.
3. Adjective: important, cheap, expensive, beatiful, ugly, etc.
4. Adverb: tomorrow, yesterday, really, here, there, etc.
5. Preposition: to, at, on, off, in, etc.
6. Determiner: an, this, our, the, etc.
7. Pronoun: I, you, he , she, it, we, they, etc.
8. Linking word: so, and, but,etc.

Las palabras en las oraciones./ Words in sentences.

Algunas palabras pueden pertenecer a diferentes clases dependiendo de como son usadas en una oración.
Some words can belong to different classes depending on how they are used in a sentence.

Ejemplo:
Example:

Can I look at this?   VERB
I like the look of your hair.  NOUN.


We work there.  VERB
I'll be at work tomorrow.  NOUN.




Siguiente lección: La estructura de una oración: sujeto, verbo, objecto, etc./ Sentence structure: subject, verb, object, etc.