Lección 12: The future simple

ESTRUCTURA
Will + infinitivo sin to

AFFIRMATIVE.                NEGATIVE                     QUESTION
I will play.                   I will not/won't play                  Will I play?
You will play.             You will not/won't play              Will you play?
He/she/it will play       He/she/it will not/won't play        Will he/she/it play?

We will play               We will not/won't play               Will we play?  
You will play              You will not/won't play              Will you play?
They will play.            They will not/won't play             Will they play?




USOS
*Para expresar decisiones hechas en el momento en que se habla. Yo cogeré el telefono. I will pick up the phone.
*Para hacer predicciones, promesas y ofertas. It will rain. Lloverá.
* Hablar de acontecimientos programados para el futuro.  I will go to the gym tomorrow. Iré al gym mañana.


PRÓXIMA LECCIÓN: Going to.

Lección 11: The past perfect continuous.

Usamos el past perfect continuous para describir una acción que tuvo lugar durante un periodo de tiempo que acabó antes del momento en que se habla.
Ej: I had been swimming in the sea.--> Estuve nadando en el mar. The children had been playing with matches.--> Los niños habían estado jugando con cerillas.


ESTRUCTURA:

had been + -ing


AFFIRMATIVE                                     NEGATIVE                                     QUESTIONS

I had been swimming                       I had not/hadn't been swimming                Had I been swimming?
You had been swimming                 You had not/hadn't been swimming            Had you been swimming?
He/she/It had been swimming         He/she/It had not/hadn't been swimming    Had he/she/it been swimming?

We had been swimming                  We had not/hadn't been swimming         Had we been swimming?
You had been swimming                 You had not/hadn't been swimming        Had you been swimming?
They had been swimming                They had not/hadn't been swimming       Had they been swimming?



PRÓXIMA LECCIÓN: The future simple.

Lección 10: The present perfect continuous

Usamos el present perfect continuous para hablar de una acción que ocurre durante un período de tiempo. Por ejemple, ese período puede durar hasta el presente.
I 've been waiting for you all morning.--> He estado esperándote toda la mañana. (Empezó en el pasado y se trata de un período de tiempo que dura hasta el presente.)

ESTRUCTURA

have+been+ ing form

AFFIRMATIVE                              NEGATIVE                               QUESTION

I have been waiting                    I have not/ haven't been waiting            Have I been waiting?
You have been waiting              You have not/ haven't been waiting       Have you been waiting?
He/she/it has been waiting         He/she/It has not/ hasn't been waiting    Has he/she/It been waiting?

We have been waiting              We have not/ haven't been waiting         Have we been waiting?
You have been waiting             You have not/ haven't been waiting        Have you been waiting?
They have been waiting            They have not/ haven't been waiting       Have they been waiting?


USOS

• Acciones durante un período de tiempo que nos lleva hasta el presente. I 've been waiting for you all morning.--> He estado esperándote toda la mañana.
• Acciones repetidas que duran hasta ahora. She's been playing the guitar since she was 4. -->Ella ha estado tocando la guitarra desde que tenia 4 años.
• Acciones que acaba justo antes del presente. I've been swimming. -->He estado nadando.

PRÓXIMA LECCIÓN: The past perfect continuous.

Lección 9: The past perfect.

ESTRUCTURA

had + participle

AFFIRMATIVE         NEGATIVE                                   QUESTION

I had finished                 I had not/hadn't finished                  Had I finished?
You had finished           You had not/hadn't finished             Had you finished?
He/she/it had finished     He/she/It had not/hadn't finished     Had he/she/It finished?

We had finished            We had not/hadn't finished              Had we finished?
You had finished           You had not/hadn't finished             Had you finished?
They had finished          They had not/hadn't finished            Had they finished?


USOS

• Describir una acción que se completó antes de un momento concreto del pasado.
• Expresar una acción completada que pasó antes de otra acción del pasado.

PRÓXIMA LECCIÓN: The past perfect continuous.

Lección 8: The present perfect simple

Este tiempo verbal nos habla sobre el pasado y el presente. 

She has washed the dishes.--> Ella ha lavado los platos.

ESTRUCTURA

have + past participle

AFFIRMATIVE                           NEGATIVE                 QUESTIONS

I have finished                    I have not/ haven't finished            Have I finished?

You have finished              You have not/ haven't finished       Have you finished?

He/she/it has finished          He/she/it has not/ hasn't finished    Has he/she/it finished?

We have finished               We have not/ haven't finished       Have we finished?

You have finished              You have not/ haven't finished      Have you finished?

They have finished             They have not/ haven't finished     Have they finished?

USOS

• Describir una acción que comenzó en el pasado y continua en el presente.
• Describir una acción del pasado que influye en el presente.
• Describir experiencias pasadas.

EXPRESIONES TEMPORALES QUE SUELEN APARECER CON ESTE TIEMPO.

For and since.

• For: se usa para expresar duración, seria equivalente a ''durante''. She's been in England for 2 years.--> Ella ha estado en Inglaterra durante 2 años.
• Since: se usa para expresar el momento concreto en que empezó una acción. She's been in England since she was 20 years old.--> Ella ha estado en Inglaterra desde que tenia 20 años.

Yet, already and just.

• Yet: se utiliza al final de frases negativas, se describe algo que aun no ha pasado pero que se espera que pase. She hasn't arrived yet.--> Ella no ha llegado aun. (pero se espera que llegue)
• Already: se usa en frases afirmativas para expresar una acción que ha pasado antes de lo previsto. Se suele colocar entre el verbo auxiliar y el principal. The film has already started.--> La película ya ha empezado. En preguntas, el already indica sorpresa por la misma razon que en afirmativo: algo se ha completado antes de lo esperado. Have you already seen that film? --> Has visto ya esa película?
• Just: indica que algo se acaba de hacer, recientemente. He's just arrived.--> Él acaba de llegar.

Ever and never.

• Ever: se usa en frases interrogativas para preguntar sobre experiencias pasadas. Have you ever been to London?--> Has estado alguna vez en Londres?
• Never: se utiliza para describir acciones que no han pasado nunca. Se coloca entre el verbo auxiliar y el principal. I've never visited the Prado.--> Yo nunca he visitado el Prado.

BEEN AND GONE.

• Been: significa haber ido y haber vuelto de algún lado. She's been to the USA.--> Ella ha ido a los EEUU. (Ha ido y ha vuelto).
• Gone: significa haber ido y no haber vuelto aun de algún lado. She's gone to the supermarket.--> Ella ha ido al supermercado. (Ha ido pero aún no ha vuelto)

PRÓXIMA LECCIÓN: The past perfect simple.

Lección 7: Used to do and Be used to doing.

Aunque a primera vista estas dos formas puedan parecer muy similares, existe una gran diferencia entre ellas. Used to se utiliza para hablar del pasado, para designar algo que solías hacer. Por su parte, Be used to doing se usa en presenta designa una costumbre. Su traducción pues, sería:

I used to play football.--> Yo solía jugar a fútbol.
I'm used to playing football.--> Estoy acostumbrado a jugar a fútbol.

Estructuras:

USED TO + INFINITIVE

AFFIRMATIVE                       NEGATIVE ( !!!! use, not used!!!)         QUESTION (!!! use, not used!!!)

I used to play                        I did not/ didn't use to play                           Did I use to play?
You used to play                  You did not/ didn't use to play                       Did you use to play?
He/she/It used to play           He/she/It did not/ didn't use to play               Did he/she/it use to play?

We used to play                  We did not/ didn't use to play                        Did we use to play?
You used to play                 You did not/ didn't use to play                       Did you use to play?
They used to play                They did not/ didn't use to play                      Did they use to play?


BE USED TO + ING

AFFIRMATIVE                    NEGATIVE                                         QUESTION

I am used to playing                I am not /'m not used to playing          Am I used to playing?
You are used to playing          You are not/ aren't used to playing     Are you used to playing?
He/she/it used to playing         He/she/it is not/ isn't used to playing    Is he/she/it used to playing?

We are used to playing         We are not/aren't used to playing         Are we used to playing?
You are used to playing        You are not/aren't used to playing        Are you used to playing?
They are used to playing       They are not/aren't used to playing       Are they used to playing?


Podemos usar la estructura GET USED TO para hablar de cosas que cada vez nos son más familiares.
Ej.

I got used to sleeping during the day.--> Me acostumbré a dormir durante el día.
They're getting used to working hard.--> Ellos se están acostumbrando a trabajar duro.




Próxima lección: Verbs: The perfect tenses: the present perfect.

Lección 6: Verbs. The past simple and the past continuous.

The past simple

Regular verbs add -ed and irregular ones present their own forms.

POSITIVE                             NEGATIVE                        QUESTIONS

I   cleaned                           I   did not/didn't clean                    Did I clean?
You   cleaned                     You   did not/didn't clean               Did you clean?
He/She/It   cleaned             He/She/It   did not/didn't clean       Did he/she/it clean?

We   cleaned                     We   did not/didn't clean                 Did we clean?
You   cleaned                    You   did not/didn't clean                Did you clean?
They   cleaned                   They   did not/didn't clean               Did they clean?


USES

• Describing actions completed in the past.
• Describing actions completed that happened in a specific moment in the past.
• Describing the conclusion of actions in the past.
• Describing specific actions that happend while ther was another one happening.

SPELLING RULES TO ADD -ED/D

• Verbs ending in e, add -d : love--> loved
• Verbs ending in y preceded by consonant, change to i and add -ed: carry--> carried
• One-syllable verbs ending in one consonant preceded by one vowel, double the consonant and add -ed: clap--> clapped
• Verbs where the last syllable is stressed, double the final consonant and add -ed: submit--> submitted
• Verbs ending in one vowel and l, double the l and add -ed: travel--> travelled

The past continuous

It is form with the past simple of to be and the -ing form of the main verb.

was/were +-ing

POSTIVE                                     NEGATIVE                                   QUESTIONS

I   was cleaning                       I   was not/ wasn't cleaning                   Was I cleaning?

You   were cleaning                You were not/weren't cleaning              Were you cleaning?

He/she/it   was cleaning           He/she it   was not / wasn't cleaning      Was he/she/it cleaning?

We   were cleaning                We   were not/ weren't cleaning            Were we cleaning?

You   were cleaning               You   were not/ weren't cleaning           Were you cleaning?

They   were cleaning              They   were not/ weren't cleaning          Were they cleaning?

USES:

• Describing an incompleted action happening in a specific time in the past.
• Describing an incompleted action that was happening when another one happened.
• Describing in the past.

Próxima lección: Used to/ Be used to.

Lección 5: State verbs and action verbs.

Lección 5: State verbs and action verbs.

In english we differenciate between states and actions.

•  State: something staying the same. E.g:  She hates you.
• Action: something happening. E.g: I'm eating an apple.

Sometimes there are  verbs that can be used either for a state or for an action.

I think you're wrong. (=believe) STATE      I'm thinking about you. ACTION.

We have three cars. (=own). STATE           We're having dinner.( =eating) ACTION.

I see what you're saying. (=undertand) STATE   She is seeing her boss. (=meeting) ACTION.

You look nice. STATE                                 I'm looking at the picture. ACTION

States are written in SIMPLE TENSES, and Actions can be written in SIMPLE OR CONTINUOUS.

BE: the examples with this verb are about how people behave.

• PERMANENT QUALITY:  You are really nice.

• TEMPORARY BEHAVIOUR:  You're being very friendly today.

We also can use some state verbs in the continuous to talk about a short period of time.

• PERMANENT STATE (simple tenses) I love dancing.
• SHORT PERIOD (continuous) I'm loving this party.

Próxima lección: VERBS: The past simple and the past continuous.